![]() ![]() What is the evidence for HPA axis anomalies? Altered HPA axis activity can result in prolonged exposure to cortisol or ACTH which can be detrimental to physical and psychological health. This is achieved through the release of cortisol and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). The biological response to stress is mediated through the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system. People adapt physiologically and behaviourally in response to stress in order to re-establish internal balance. ![]() Stress is defined as a threat to the body’s ability to regulate internal processes following exposure to an adverse event. What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in bipolar disorder?
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